Catholic Counter-Reformation and Global Expansion

 Council of Trent In response, the Catholic Church initiated reforms—affirming doctrine, correcting abuses, and revitalizing spiritual life.  Missionary Activity Christianity expanded worldwide through missionary efforts in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, leading to cultural adaptations and syncretism.  Enlightenment, Modernity, and Furthe

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The Great Schism: East-West Division (1054)

 Causes of the Schism Cultural, linguistic, political, and theological differences grew between the Western (Latin) Church centered in Rome and the Eastern (Greek) Church centered in Constantinople. Disputes over papal authority, the wording of the Nicene Creed (Filioque clause), and liturgical practices intensified tensions.   The Formal S

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Early Doctrinal Formations and Church Organization

 The New Testament and Canon Formation Between the 1st and 4th centuries, texts such as the Gospels, Pauline Epistles, and other writings were composed and gradually canonized into the New Testament.  Theological Debates and Councils Early Christianity faced internal debates on the nature of Christ and the Trinity. The Arian controversy qu

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